Effects of food on the brain

Impacts of food on the cerebrum Dynamic All through the world, it is a typical information on the hugeness of a sound eating routine. In addition to the fact that it effects self-perception and physical wellbeing, yet psychological well-being too. Supplements, for example, omega-3 unsaturated fats, docosahexaenoic corrosive, and choline increment synaptic pliancy. So as to show that sound nourishments are better for the psyche, this investigation gathered subjective information on mind work in the wake of getting solid food and undesirable food. The motivation behind this examination was to discover do sound nourishments increment cerebrum action? It is conjectured that if mice are given sound and unfortunate suppers, and educated to run a labyrinth, the mice given the solid dinners will finish the labyrinth at a quicker rate. The invalid speculation is that there will be no distinction between mice given sound and undesirable dinners. This, thusly, advances the formation of new films, which permit new recollections to be framed. When playing out this investigation, mice were told to run a labyrinth and the hours of fruition were recorded. Contingent upon the gathering they were set in, they were given either a solid or unfortunate dinner educated to run the labyrinth again. Once more, the hours of finish were recorded. In the wake of finishing the examination, information assortment indicated that the mice in the gathering getting sound food had a more prominent change in time from the race without food to the race with food. To safeguard that there were no out of line preferences, healthy benefits, for example, starches and proteins. Exploration Problem Nourishments high in omega-3, for example, pecans, kiwi, and salmon, bolster the flexibility of the neurotransmitters inside the cerebrum (Good eating regimen, 2008). Nervous system specialist Fernando Gã ³mez-Pinilla indicated that a sound eating regimen couldn't just increment mental capacity, however ensure against maturing and harm to the mind (Wolpert, 2008). Writing Review Omega-3 Studies show that omega-3 unsaturated fats are essential to cerebrum wellbeing (Wolpert, 2008). Brain research Professor Gã ³mez-Pinilla found that nourishments wealthy in omega-3, for example, flaxseed, pecans, kiwi, and salmon, guide in the creation of the synapse layers that nerve signals go through. As people learn and make new recollections, new films must be created so as to hold that data. Pinilla, a teacher of neurosurgery and physiological science, explored the possibility that there are outside variables that influence mind action. His examination offers path to the inquiry, Do sound nourishments increment mind action? Past analysts indicated that elements, for example, diet, exercise, and rest examples can recognizably obstruct the capacity of the brain (Wolpert, 2008). To help this hypothesis, around 200 understudies were utilized as guineas pigs in an exploration study. Taking everything into account, scientists expressed, Several gut hormones that can enter the mind, o r that are delivered in the cerebrum itself, impact subjective capacity (Gã ³mez-Pinilla, 2008). Scientists itemized how nourishments, for example, salmon contain supplements gainful to the cerebrum. One of the supplements found in salmon is omega-3. Omega-3 unsaturated fats bolster synaptic versatility and appear to decidedly influence the statement of a few particles identified with learning and memory that are found on neural connections, Gã ³mez-Pinilla said. Omega-3 unsaturated fats are fundamental for typical mind work. Gã ³mez-Pinilla directed an examination in Indonesia and Australia in which he gave a savor high supplements to youngsters. In the wake of getting the beverage, the kids were given execution tests concentrated on verbal abilities and memory. The childrens test scores improved incredibly subsequent to expending the beverage (Wolpert, 2008). Another investigation, performed by Oxford University understudies, thought about two gatherings of understudies on math and spelling tests. One gathering of understudies got omega-3 and the other gathering got a fake treatment (Henry, 2002). The understudies accepting the fake treatment had radically lower test scores. Docosahexaenoic corrosive Docosahexaenoic corrosive, DHA, is another supplement valuable to the to the psyche. Docosahexaenoic corrosive is appeared to decrease oxidative pressure and advance synaptic versatility by forestalling the foundation of free radicals. Thusly, learning and memory are additionally improved. Oxidative pressure can make harm cell proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Berries have been seen to check oxidative pressure and have been appeared to improve coordination and memory too (Henry, 2005). Synaptic Plasticity Synaptic pliancy is the term utilized for the capacity for change during neural connections. This implies the response of the neurotransmitters to the arrival of synapses isn't consistent. The response can be more grounded or more vulnerable and the hour of the response may differ. The quality of the response gets more noteworthy or more fragile in light of the response of receptors to their boosts. As the period of time the receptor to boosts response happens or the measure of receptors present changes the synaptic quality vacillates. The expansion of synaptic quality that keeps going is alluded to as long haul potentiation. Long haul potentiation is known to assume a job in neuron correspondence, which thus assumes a job in the production of new recollections. Inverse long haul potentiation is long haul wretchedness. Long haul sorrow is the expression used to depict an enduring shortcoming in synaptic quality. Low recurrence improvements make long haul misery, while long haul poten tiation is brought about by high recurrence upgrades. To learn new things and make new recollections the neurons inside the cerebrum must impart in various manners. This likewise is synaptic versatility. Neurons in the perirhinial cortex react to things we see and afterward tell the cerebrum on the off chance that it is unfamiliar to us or on the off chance that we have seen it previously. The more prominent the reaction of the neurons, the less we perceive whatever we are seeing. As we keep on observing that object, the neuron reaction diminishes. This is the manner by which recollections are prepared. Omega-3 and Synaptic Plasticity Omega-3 unsaturated fat can go about as an inhibitor for the movement of protein kinase C in cells. The in vitro exercises of protein kinase C was hindered by omega-3 just as the mitogen-enacted protein kinase. This suggests the twofold bond in omega-3 is neccesary for quality restraints. Omega-3 could forestall serotonin receptor-prompted mitogen-actuated protein kinase enactment in hippocampal cut arrangements. In hippocampal long haul potentiation, omega-3 appeared to obstructed its power, without restraining basal synaptic transmission. Fats and Calories Many accept that all fats are terrible, and ought to be stayed away from. Examination expressed that a significant number of the nourishments with an awful notoriety really can be useful when eaten accurately. Marano shows that supplements in various structures can cause various outcomes in the body. The correct food can improve mental capacities help you concentrate, tune sensorimotor abilities, keep you persuaded, amplify memory, speed response times, defuse pressure, maybe even forestall cerebrum maturing, (Marano, 2007). Fats have been appeared to profit the psyche, yet can be negative to it too. Omega-3 unsaturated fats make up the synapses that the nerve signals must go through. The human eating routine must be wealthy in omega-3 in order to keep on delivering cell films. Numerous dietitians and nutritionists advance the utilization of oils such corn, safflower and sunflower. These are better for the heart, yet not very great for the brain. Rather than being wealthy in omega-3, they are wealthy in omega-6. Canola oils and pecan oils are better for the cerebrum utilization. Choline has been appeared to expand memory and response time. Sugar is known to keep the psyche sharp, however the perfect sum is yet to be found. Starches are known to alleviate the brain (Marano, 2007). An excess of calories balance omega-3 by decreasing the adaptability of neurotransmitters. Trans fats and immersed fats have been concentrated to have a comparative effect. Controlling calorie utilization can help the cerebrum by blocking expected harm to indispensable cells, proteins, and synthetic compounds (Wolpert, 2008). Weight In an investigation, measurements were determined concerning the connection among weight and mind work (Volkow, Wang, Telang, Fowler, Goldstein, Alia-Klein, Logan, Wong, Thanos, Ma, Pradhan, 2008). Mind digestion during intellectual incitement was estimated to decide if weight list (BMI) influenced cerebrum glucose use during subjective execution. Verbal memory was tried also. Twenty understudies partook in the investigation. They estimated the relationship among BMI and provincial mind glucose digestion in sound people at gauge and during subjective incitement. Gauge territorial mind metabolic measures have been demonstrated to be a delicate pointer of cerebrum work/brokenness that is related with neurocognitive execution. These outcomes identify with my examination in that it subtleties how food consumption identifies with mind work. In heftiness, both preclinical and clinical examinations have recorded weaknesses in mind DHA action. Perceptions in corpulent subjects have revealed a converse connection among BMI and D2 receptors (Haltia,m Viljanen, Parkkola, Kemppainen, Rinne, Nuutila, Kaasinen, 2007). They found that BMI isn't what is adverse for prefrontal action, however that diminished prefrontal movement and decreased official capacity may expand the hazard to gorge. The prefrontal cortex is associated with controlling drive control, self-checking, and objective coordinated practices. Reason So as to show that solid nourishments are better for the psyche, this examination gathered subjective information on mind work in the wake of getting sound food and unfortunate food. The motivation behind this investigation was to discover do sound nourishments increment cerebrum action? It is conjectured that if mice are given solid and undesirable suppers, and educated to run a labyrinth, the mice given the sound dinners will finish the labyrinth at a quicker rate. The invalid theory is that there will be no distinction between mice given sound and undesirable dinners. Strategy So as to show that solid fo

The Death of a Turret Ball Gunner and Facing It A Comparison Essay Example

The Death of a Turret Ball Gunner and Facing It: A Comparison Essay War incites numerous emotions in those that have encountered it and it incites every one of those men in an unexpected way. For example, in the sonnets, â€Å"The Death of a Turret Ball Gunner† by Randall Jarrell and â€Å"Facing It† by Yousef Komunyakaa. These two sonnets, both comparable in topic, have considerable contrasts. In â€Å"Facing It† the sentiments of the creator are solemn and uncomfortable, while in â€Å"The Death of a Turret Ball Gunner† the creator appears to be practically indifferent. In Komunyakaa’s sonnet, the creator is presently a survivor, while in Jarrell’s the trooper is expired. In the sonnet â€Å"Facing It† the creator, when talking about war, is alluding to other people, while in Jarrell’s sonnet he is discussing himself. This factor gives Jarrell’s sonnet an increasingly close to home inclination. In â€Å"Facing It† you are inside the author’s head for the most part through his portrayal. Nonetheless, in â€Å"The Death of a Turret Ball Gunner† he is discussing himself in past tense. This permits the perusers to make a stride back and make their own deductions. In â€Å"The Death of a Turret Ball Gunner† the creator keeps his words and whole sonnet brief. Conversely, â€Å"Facing It† is to some degree protracted. For this situation it appears to permit Komunyakaa to completely clarify his encounters just as his inclination while visiting the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. In Jarrell’s sonnet the peruser is compelled to envision how he should feel or precisely how the experience more likely than not been. â€Å"Facing it† shows the issues Komunyakaa has managing his encounters in war. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Death of a Turret Ball Gunner and Facing It: A Comparison explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on The Death of a Turret Ball Gunner and Facing It: A Comparison explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on The Death of a Turret Ball Gunner and Facing It: A Comparison explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In lines 29-31, he states, â€Å"In the dark mirror a woman’s attempting to eradicate names: No, she’s brushing a boy’s hair (pg. 947. ) It appears he can't watch somebody perform such an aimless activity without bouncing to an inappropriate ends. While in Jarrell’s sonnet it is a remarkable inverse in that it appears as if he could think less about what has befallen him. For instance when he states in line 5, â€Å"When I kicked the bucket they cleaned me out of the turret with a hose (pg. 21. ) He is inferring that the military was both hard and passionless concerning his demise. With which the creator likewise is by all accounts in agreeance with. These two sonnets, both offer a fundamentally the same as subject. They are additionally both by men who have encountered something exceptionally significant. Despite the fact that they may appear to be so comparative they are both totally unique. Each individual will consistently have various responses to a significant circumstance regardless of how comparative they may appear.

Why Barbiturates Are Highly Addictive

Why Barbiturates Are Highly Addictive Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Print Why Barbiturates Are Highly Addictive By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 03, 2019 DEA More in Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery All sedatives, including barbiturates, can cause physical and psychological dependence even when they are taken at prescribed, therapeutic doses over a period of time. As with many drugs, barbiturate users can develop a tolerance for the drugs, meaning that they require increased dosages to achieve the same effect. The problem with barbiturate tolerance is that is very little difference between a safe dosage and one that is potentially fatal. What Is Barbiturate Dependence? Barbiturate users can become both physically and psychologically dependent upon the drug. Someone who is physically dependent will begin to feel restlessness, anxiety and experience insomnia if they try to cut back or stop their usage. People who become psychologically dependent on barbiturates have the feeling that they can not feel or function normally without the drug. In both types of dependence, seeking and using the drug becomes their primary focus in life. Dangers The danger of becoming dependent on sedatives or barbiturates occurs when the tolerance to the drug forces users to increase dosages which can easily become fatal. Symptoms of barbiturate overdose can include: Altered level of consciousnessDifficulty in thinkingDrowsiness or comaFaulty judgmentIncoordinationShallow breathingSlowness of speechSluggishnessSlurred speechStaggering Treatment for Withdrawal Withdrawal from barbiturate dependence is itself is dangerous and potentially life-threatening. Depending on the length of use and the amount of the drug used, withdrawal symptoms can range from restlessness and anxiety to convulsions and death. The danger of sudden death during barbiturate withdrawal is a major concern. Because of the dangers and medical complications of barbiturate withdrawal, detoxification is handled in an inpatient setting. Psychological Dependence Tough to Shake Barbiturate detoxification can take about 14 days before the physical withdrawal symptoms subside. The psychological dependence on barbiturate use, however, can require a long-term commitment to counseling, therapy, participation in support groups, and in some cases assignment to a halfway house after inpatient treatment ends.

The United States Government and Information on the...

As the internet age blossoms in the twenty-first century, news and information is becoming available to anyone at anytime with just the click of a button. Almost all preceding forms of media can be found in this one, worldwide medium. Newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and more are all being transferred to the internet to allow for more readers, viewers, or listeners. This new level of access brings the question: How much involvement should the government have in this distribution of media? In the United States, many people value this freedom of information above all else, however, in other nations around the world, citizens are not allowed this liberty. For example, the governments of China and Iran continue to censor media†¦show more content†¦However, freedom of speech, press, and expression is not a liberty valued by all nations. In Iran, a theocracy, the internet, television, and radio is littered with content that contradicts the core values of Islam, making it a threat to their culture. The most recent and popular display of how seriously the government is about media restrictions, is the arrest of the six Iranian citizens who took part in the production of a music video of Pharrell Williams’ hit, â€Å"Happy†. Reporters say â€Å"the police found it offensive. Iran state media called it ‘vulgar’† (Ghitis). The young people were released due to pressure from other nations, however the director remains in prison for his crimes. Because Iran is a nation built on the religion of Islam, its people must follow the principles held by Muslim leaders. â€Å"Article 24 of the Iranian constitution holds that while ‘publications and the press have freedom of expression,’ it is unlawful to express views that are ‘detrimental to the fundamental principles of Islam or the rights of the public’† (Bruno). This contradicting statement is a perfect example of the turmoil that Iran has been going through. The country keeps swinging back and forth between movements to secularize the government, and movements to purify the theocracy and return to traditional values. â€Å"Since 2000, IransShow MoreRelatedThe American Government s Involvements And Influences On The Internet1619 Words   |  7 Pagesinvolvements and influences in the Internet compare to Chinese government? Thesis: The United States’ government had played the most important role of developing Internet, and did a great contribution certainly. However, Chinese government had a very different attitudes with American government for Internet at last century when Internet started developing because of some domestic factors. Later, Chinese government changed its attitudes and behaviors. 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The problem with this much information being accessible to this many people is that some of it is deemed inappropriate for minors. The government wants censorship, but a segment of the population does not. Legislative regulation of the Internet would be an appropriate functionRead MoreInternet Monitoring : Control Laws1339 Words   |  6 Pages University of the Incarnate Word Internet Monitoring: Control Laws in United States Zaid Alsubaie Internet Monitoring and Control Laws of United States There is a continuous monitoring over the Internet in the United States. This is the potential and propositional controversy over the privacy rights. The laws such as Communications Decency Act (CDA) and ‘Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act’ is pertaining to the monitoring of internet is stated as an invasion of privacy, and

The Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage - 1411 Words

Nikta Kalatari Writing Assignment #1 The proposead legalization of same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of American family law. The potential consequences, positive or negative, for children, parents, same-sex couples, families, social structure, public health and the status of women are enormous. Given the importance of the issue, the value of comprehensive debate of the reasons for and against legalizing same-sex marriage should be obvious. Marriage is much more than merely a commitment to love one another. Aside from societal and religious conventions, marriage entails legally imposed financial responsibility and legally authorized fin ancial benefits (Cox 42). Marriage provides automatic legal protections for the spouse, including medical visitation, succession of a deceased spouse s property, as well as pension and other rights. When two adults desire a contract in the eyes of the law, it doubles as a promise- to one another, their friends, and their family- to be responsible for the obligations of marriage, as well as to enjoy its benefits. Should the law prohibit their requestShow MoreRelatedLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesKaye Shannelle Romuar Alfritz Arevalo Angelika Figueroa Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage I. Introduction Same-sex marriage can also be called gay marriage. This is a marriage between two males or two females, in either a religious setting or in a civil ceremony. 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Recent studies show that half of all Americans believe that gay men and lesbians have a constitutional right to marry (Craighill). Same-sex marriage has caused many conflicts around the country and even the world with multiple stand points. World views on same-sex marriage are changing day to day. â€Å"Of the 15 countries worldwide to permit gay men and lesbians to marryRead MoreLegalization of Same Sex Marriage9779 Words   |  40 PagesTHE LEGALIZATION OF SAME SEX MARRIAGE AS ASSESED BY CITH M STUDENTS S.Y. 2011-2012 A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of International Tourism And Hospitality Management LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Tourism By Ang, Dianne Marie M. Bayot, Donalynne B. October 2011 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION    In our generation today, homosexuals

The Badge of Shame Free Essays

â€Å"Woman, it is thy badge of shame! †. Governor Bellingham was describing the scarlet letter to Hester while they were discussing if the punishments that Hester had to go through were adequate enough for the crime. Hester was living in the outskirts of the city in a small abandoned cottage for several years with the only thing that had any monetary value in her life, her child and the product of committing adultery, Pearl. We will write a custom essay sample on The Badge of Shame or any similar topic only for you Order Now She and her little Pearl were shunned from the community for her acts. In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Hester is punished in more than one way, and she is able to deal with it openly so the community will, over time, forgive her. The most obvious subject of punishment that Hester had to cope with is wearing the scarlet letter. â€Å"By the point which drew all eyes and, as it were, transfigured the wearer†¦ was the scarlet letter, so fantastically embroidered and illuminated upon her bosom†. Hester wrought the scarlet letter before she stood on the scaffold. When Pearl asks her why she wears the letter she replies that she wears it for its gold thread. Hester wears the letter for many years, even after the people in the community care anymore, so that she will be fully forgiven for her sin. In the beginning of the story, Hester is faced with serving the temporary part of her sentence, standing on the scaffold in front of the whole town. â€Å"It was a circumstance to be noted, on the summer morning when our story begins its course, that the women of whom there were several in the crowd, appeared to take a peculiar interest in whatever penal infliction might be expected to ensue†. The citizens of the town had gathered to criticize Hester as she stood on the scaffold, and many of the town s women were discussing the simplicity of Hester s sentence, since the usual punishment for committing adultery is the death penalty. Although she had to put up with the remarks about her for three hours while she was standing on the scaffold, the ridicule followed for many years to come. Hester and her daughter were thought upon as sinners long after Hester had served her sentence. Hester was not accepted by the community because of her sins. She was forced to live in an abandoned cottage on the edge of the city. â€Å"Hester Prynne, therefore, did not flee. On the outskirts of town, within the verge of the peninsula, but not in close vicinity to any other habitation, there was a small thatched cottage. It had been built by an earlier settler, and abandoned because the soil about it was too sterile for cultivation.. .†. Hester and her little Pearl not only lived in the little cottage, they spent most of their time there, only going into town for important things like food and supplies. The community basically shunned Hester and Pearl from the town and made it clear to them that they were not wanted inside the city. Hester went through a lot of punishment for her sins. She was able to deal with it openly, like wearing the scarlet letter and standing on the scaffold, and some she dealt with without showing any remorse. She was brave to live on the edge of the city and not to flee to another city or even another country. She also kept things inside, like the father of her child and her husband that seemingly deserted her. Overall, she is a brave soul and in some ways, is a role model to the rest of the people in the community. How to cite The Badge of Shame, Essay examples

Applying Ecological Principles for Koala

Question: Disucss about theApplying Ecological Principles for Koala. Answer: Introduction Ecology has been defined as the branch of science that deals with the biotic and abiotic environment surrounding an organism. It takes into accounts the different types of relationships prevailing between an organism and their immediate surrounding and the environment. The study of ecology emphasizes on the significance of such relationships on sustainability of organism. Various ecological principles are set for maintain an optimum natural environment and ensure the safety of endangered species of Australia. Our current report focuses on a particular animal of Australia, the Koala, which is considered to be one of the threatened species in the country. The report elaborates the ecology of the concerned animal, the relevant ecological issues concerning the species and tries to manifest how ecological principles can be applied in order to create a sustainable environment for conservation of our chosen animal species. Taxonomy and Classification of Koala The scientific name of the animal is Phascolarctoscinereus. Following is the detailed taxonomic classification of the animal: Kingdom: Animalia; Phylum: Chordata; Sub-phylum: Vertebrata; Class: Mammalia; Sub-class: Marsupialia; Order: Diprotodontia; Sub-order: Vombatiformes; Family: Phascolarctidae; Genus: Phascolarctos; Species: Cinereus(Iucnredlist.org, 2016). It is classified as Animalia because of its capability of locomotion and its multicellular and heterotrophic characteristics. Presence of Spinal cord classifies it as Chordate and Vertebrate. Koalas produce milk to feed their young ones, hence they are Mammals. Presence of pouches to carry their young ones qualifies them as Marsupials. The arrangement of their teeth on the jaw and fusion of the second and third digits in its back paw puts it in the order Diprotodontia. Koala is the only still existing member of its family Phascolarctidae. Several characteristics like type and number of teeth and digits are considered to classify it into this family. Considering the features of its urogenital tract, spermatozoa, karyotype and serology it is stated to belong to the genus Phascolarctos.Ecology of Koala Koalas are one of the few animal species of Australia that solely depend on the foliage of Eucalyptus for the source of energy and nutrient. However, specific species of eucalyptus are preferred by the animal and accordingly their population is distributed with their preferred tree species.In general Koalas have a sedentary lifestyle and are solitary animals. Most of them live in overlapping home ranges, which aid them in the process of mating. Both males and females start mating at an age of around two to three years and generally give birth each year. Over-browsing of trees has been a sustainability issue in many areas, which has led to undertaking of several actions like habitat protection, fertility suppression and translocation (Mc Lean 2003). Studies have shown that the tree species koalas use for resting are not necessarily the same species they use for feeding purposes and hence studying their feeding patterns are somewhat difficult (Marsh et al 2014).It has been reported that Koala population increased dramatically in the late 1800s and suffered a considerable decline in the late 1900s due to ecological factors. Currently Koalas are found in Queensland, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Victoria and South Australia (Melzer et al 2000). In most of the regions the animal has been declared to be Vulnerable by the Australian Government. Relevant Ecological Issues Koalas were declared to be a threatened species in the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) by the Australian Government. Further the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has declared Koala to be a Potentially Vulnerable species(Savethekoala.com, 2016). Several ecological factors have been identified that have a direct impact on the survival of the animal. Loss of habitat is the most significant of all the issues in this regard. Expansion of human settlement and demands of modern life like roads, factories, agriculture and housing has caused much loss of the wildlife habitats where the animals were already found. Due to increased human population, subsequent increase in cars and dogs has turned to be a serious threat to the animal species. Around 4000 koala deaths have been reported to be caused by cars and domestic dogs each year (Cork et al 2000). It has been reported that Koalas suffer from various diseases such as conjunctiviti s, pneumonia, urinary tract infection and reproductive tract infection that might lead to infertility. Chlamydia is most prevalent pathogen found to be affecting the species (Waugh et al 2016). Other threats faced by koalas are bushfires and danger from other wild animals. Ecological Principles Ecology deals with the interactions and interrelationships at various levels ranging from populations and communities to ecosystems and biospheres. Populations comprise interbreeding groups of animals belonging to the same species and inhabiting in the same habitat. When populations of different species interact, communities are formed. Ecosystems are the abiotic and biotic components of a predefined area that influences all the populations and communities of that region. Biosphere includes all the biological and physical processes that directly or indirectly influence life on Earth. Several ecological principles play an important role in maintaining a harmony between all the components of an ecosystem. Ecological interdependence is a key factor that determines the survival of a species. Despite of dynamic changes in the ecological systems each and every species residing in a particular area are dependent on other animals and plants. This dependence arises mainly from the food chain and for obtaining energy and nutrients. Each component of an ecosystem aims at reaching goals that are beneficial for the whole and any organism that acts against this notion is considered as a disturbing factor for the overall ecological harmony. Human beings play a huge role in altering ecosystems by changing the physical environment of the same and disturbing the residing organism of the particular region. This proves to be detrimental to the human species itself on the long run. It has been already discussed that changes in the habitat is the most concerning ecological issue for koalas, where human play a significant part(Little et al 2007).Loss of habitat can cause longstanding impacts on the intera ction between the biotic components of an ecosystem. Human intervention must be stopped to conserve the Koala habitats. This can be done by forming certain legislations and laws on part of the government and thus restricting human impact on concerned regions. Koalas solely thrive on eucalyptus plants that too on certain species of the plants are preferred by the animal. Loss of habitat may lead to loss of certain species of the plant essential for survival of Koalas. Disruption of the food chain due to such losses is often life threatening for animals species. Even natural disturbances affect the population and species of an ecosystem. Natural disturbances can influence the shape size and distribution of ecosystems and subsequently thre animal species residing there. The intensity and frequency of forest fires have shapes ecosystems in several regions of the earth. Composition and structure of habitats need to be studied at a landscape level to get an insight about the impacts of natural disturbances. For terrestrial ecosystems the species and community composition and the patch size distribution are of utmost relevance. Bushfire have caused much harm to Koalas consistently. Certain measures are necessary to prevent such fires and deaths of the vulnerable species. Chlamydial diseases in Koalas continue to be one of the most common diseases occurring in the animal (Timms 2005). The causes of preventable disease caused by Chlamydial infection needs to be identified and preventable measures should be taken to avoid further deaths due to such causes. Conclusion Koalas of Australia are already considered a vulnerable species. Several ecological factors that influence the habitat and consequently their survival of the species have been addressed. Loss of habitat being the most determining factor for the decline in the animal population in recent years needs immediate attention. The indispensible step that needs to be taken is preventing and/or restricting impact of humans on the habitat of the animal. Certain natural disturbances like diseases and bushfires needs to be studied to figure out preventive measures. The role of the government is crucial in this regard. Laws and guidelines must be set considering the significance of the alarming situation. After formulation of such laws the government must ensure effective implementation of the same in order to reach the desired goals. References Bioweb.uwlax.edu. (2016).Classification. [online] Available at: https://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2007/mundt_meli/classification.htm [Accessed 22 Oct. 2016]. Cork, S.J., Clark, T.W. and Mazur, N., 2000. Introduction: an interdisciplinary effort for koala conservation.Conservation Biology,14(3), pp.606-609. Iucnredlist.org. (2016).Phascolarctoscinereus (Koala). [online] Available at: https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/16892/0 [Accessed 22 Oct. 2016]. Little, G., Lau, T.A., Cypher, A., Lin, J., Haber, E.M. and Kandogan, E., 2007, April. Koala: capture, share, automate, personalize business processes on the web. InProceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems(pp. 943-946). ACM. Marsh, K.J., Moore, B.D., Wallis, I.R. and Foley, W.J., 2014. Continuous monitoring of feeding by koalas highlights diurnal differences in tree preferences.Wildlife Research,40(8), pp.639-646. Mc Lean, N., 2003.Ecology and management of overabundant koala (Phascolarctoscinereus) populations(Doctoral dissertation, The University of Melbourne). Melzer, A., Carrick, F., Menkhorst, P., Lunney, D. and John, B.S., 2000.Overview, critical assessment, and conservation implications of koala distribution and abundance.Conservation Biology,14(3), pp.619-628. Savethekoala.com. (2016).The Koala - Endangered or Not? | Australian Koala Foundation. [online] Available at: https://www.savethekoala.com/about-koalas/koala-endangered-or-not [Accessed 22 Oct. 2016]. Timms, P., 2005. Chlamydial infection and disease in the koala.Microbiology Australia,26(2), pp.65-68. Waugh, C., Hanger, J., Timms, P. and Polkinghorne, A., 2016. Koala translocations and Chlamydia: Managing risk in the effort to conserve native species.Biological Conservation,197, pp.247-253.

George Washington Essays (1129 words) - George Washington

George Washington Steven Sims Social Studies 8-6 4/5/99 Born February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, he was the first son of his father Augustine's second marriage; his mother was the former Mary Ball of Epping Forest. When George was about three, his family moved to Little Hunting Creek on the Potomac, then to Ferry Farm opposite Fredericksburg on the Rappahannock in King George County. In the interim, the powerful Fairfax family of neighboring Belvoir introduced him to the accomplishments and appropriateness of mannered wealth and, in 1748, provided him his first adventure. That year Lord Fairfax dispatched him with a party that spent a month surveying Fairfax lands in the still-wild Shenandoah. In the expedition, he began to appreciate the uses and value of land, an appreciation that grew the following year with his appointment as Culpeper County surveyor, certified by the College of William and Mary. Washington also succeeded to Lawrence's militia office. Governor Robert Dinwiddie first appointed him adjutant for the southern district of the colony's militia, but soon conferred on him Lawrence's aide for the Northern Neck and Eastern Shore. So it happened that in 1753 the governor sent 21-year-old Washington to warn French troops at Fort Duquesne at the forks of the Ohio (modern Pittsburgh) that they were infiltrating in territory claimed by Virginia. The French ignored the warning and the mission failed, but when Washington returned Dinwiddie had Williamsburg printer William Hunter publish his official report as The Journal of Major George Washington. It made the young officer well-known at home and abroad. Returning to the Ohio in April with 150 men to remove the intruders, Washington got his first taste of war in a fight with a French scouting party. He wrote to his brother Jack, I heard the bullets whistle, and, believe me, there is something charming in the sound. A second engagement quickly followed and Washington, retreating to Fort Necessity, was beaten by a more numerous French force. He surrendered and, in his ignorance of French, signed an embarrassing surrender agreement. But he had opportunities to correct his defeat. The whistling bullets declared the start of the Seven Years' War, as it was called in Europe. In America it was called the French and Indian War or, sometimes, Virginia's War. Horace Walpole wrote, The volley fired by a young Virginian in the backwoods of America set the world on fire. Washington returned to the field as an aide to General Braddock in 1755 and performed with honor, despite crippling illness, in the disastrous campaign against Fort Duquesne. Later that year Dinwiddie gave him command of all Virginia forces and promoted him to colonel. In these years Washington had two disputes with English officers who viewed their regular-army commissions as superior to that of the Virginia militia commander. These disputes may mark the beginning of Washington's resentment of British attitudes toward the colonies. Operating from a fort at Winchester, Washington protected the Virginia frontier until 1758 when he was made a militia brigadier and helped to chase the French from Fort Duquesne for good. Washington resigned at war's end and retired to Mount Vernon. He was defeated in elections for the House of Burgesses in 1755 and 1757, but won in 1758 and was seated the following year from Frederick County. For 15 years he devoted himself to his legislative work and his farm. During this period, he also became a family man, marrying the widow Martha Dandridge Custis, the mother of two children, on January 6, 1759, in New Kent County. In 1760, Washington took on the additional duties of a Fairfax County justice of the peace. He also found time for the amusements of a Virginia gentleman--fox hunting, snuff taking, plays, billiards, cards, dancing, and fishing. He delighted in bottles of Madeira, plates of watermelon, and dishes of oysters. In these years his anger of the inferiority of American interests to those of England grew. When Parliament attempted to impose the Stamp Act in 1769, Washington told an friend that Parliament hath no more right to put their hands into my pocket, without my consent, than I have to put my hands into yours for money. By 1774 he was in the lead of the defense

Chinese restarant in Australia.

Chinese restarant in Australia. AbstractChina is a gastronomic country with a long history, there had been recorded thousands of recipes from very beginning time until now. In the 30s of the 20 century, since a lot of Chinese immigrated in other countries, many Chinese restaurants operated all the over the world, there different type of Chinese restaurants were opened more and more. Especially for those countries they were accepted immigrants, such as American, Canada and Australia. Those Chinese restaurants provided the menus and foods styles were nearly the same as original Chinese food, the distribution of Chinese foods standard were very distinct. The cheapest price was the same as other western fast foods. It is a pleasant to change different taste for local people, but in Australia, the situation is a little bit different. Although many Chinese restaurants operated all over in Australia, however, some of the cooks are not Chinese; this reason is restricted for the people who would like to try original Chinese food.English: China Court Restaurant, 24 Ladywell Walk ...In addition, the different raw material and quality are limited in Australia market; all above led the Chinese foods not much more popular in American, and Canada. I made a case study with a middle size of Chinese Restaurant in details, I hope all Chinese Restaurants are constantly renewing itself, keeping the traditional food style and adapting to change managements that hang on to weakness for whatever reason-not creation or their own management, weakness-won't be around in the future, I also hope those people who are going to run a Chinese restaurant get some inspirations from this article.BackgroundThe first Chinese Restaurant "Hong Kong Restaurant" was built in Australia 40 years ago. 40 years is a long time for one ethnic cuisine to arrive. And flourish. The Chinese restaurant have been operated about 1,000 from 1960s...

Entrepreneurship and Venture Creation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Entrepreneurship and Venture Creation - Essay Example There are several theories that explain the multidimensional concept of entrepreneurship. For example, the psychological theories that focuses on the mental and emotional factors characteristic of entrepreneurs. In the classical and neo-classical period, the terms entrepreneurship and entrepreneur were perceived to be similar (Evans 2014:48). The theories explaining entrepreneurship can be divided into three broad categories that are the psychological aspects, sociological theories and economic principles. However, scholars in the discipline of economics are the main contributors to the development of the entrepreneurship concept. In the neo-classical theories, entrepreneurship does not exploit the business field. Based on the earlier concepts of market equilibrium, neo-classical theories argue that firms in the market obtain their profit margin based on their levels of labor. The neo-classical theories also argue that entrepreneurs who put in more effort compared to their counterpar ts in turn obtain more profits (Evans 2014:48). The key limitation in the neo-classical theories is that they undermined the role of management and decision making in the success of the firm in the market. The theories also focused on the knowledge of the entrepreneurs and the nature of the business that an entrepreneur carries out. For example, if an entrepreneur is more knowledgeable in a particular type of business compared to their counterpart, then the entrepreneur is likely to be successful.

To what extent does the rise of China pose a fundamental challenge to Essay

To what extent does the rise of China pose a fundamental challenge to the liberal world order - Essay Example It is remarkable how China has managed to rise from a country struggling to develop into a leading global economy in just three decades. During the past three decades, the United States exercised hegemony over global affairs, particularly after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Today, however, China has taken a leading position in world affairs especially in terms of economic prowess. China is poised to surpass the United States in exercising global hegemony in the near future. Such views have stemmed from the fact that China has built highly complex systems of conducting global business that has enabled China’s economy to grow rapidly. Although China has asserted that it does not wish to become a global hegemonic state, there is speculation that circumstances will force China to do so. Therefore, the way that Western countries will handle China’s ascent to global affairs will conclude the outcome of liberal internationalism. The international arena will either become a hegemonic or multi-polar environment with China’s ascent to power. The apprehension on China’s ability to challenge the liberal world order is based on China’s domestic politics, which are characterized by an autocracy that feels no need to uphold the rule of law. Accordingly, it is speculated that if China surpasses the United States as a superpower, then the former will conduct international law and politics in similar fashion as it does domestically. The Communist Party in China has led the country to a stable political-economy, evident during the recent global recession (Ross & Zhu, 2008; pp. 219). While Western countries and in particular the United States was hit hard by the recession, the Communist-Party led government of China was able to withstand the recession and maintain high economic growth rates. As a result, the Yuan is rapidly gaining international value and is on the way to rivaling the US dollar, an occurrence that will surely solidify Chinaâ €™s international stature (Inkenberry, 2011). In line with this argument, it is speculated that once China achieves the superpower status, it will run international political-economic affairs using the same policies used by the Communist Party domestically. Most Western countries view the communist government as being led by corrupt officials and people with total disregard for the rule of law. Considering this view point, many are worried that if China uses the policies promulgated by the communists in the international arena, then the liberal world order will be under serious

Objectives And The Functional Requirements Of Cladding System Construction Essay

Objectives And The Functional Requirements Of Cladding System Construction Essay There are some elementary objectives of the cladding system. These objectives are the reasons for the invention and adoption of cladding system due to our increasing construction technology and demands of clients. There are many types of clients, some are emphasize more on aesthetic value, some are emphasize more on functional value, some are emphasize on time of erection and even some are emphasize on construction cost. So, the primary objectives of cladding system can be concluded as below: Supply of enclosure to the structure with the function of essential protection against the natural elements such as wind, rain, storm and etc. Invention and adoption of dry construction method which is more advanced such as off-site prefabrication, off-site manufacturing and etc. Minimize the additional dead load onto the frame. Improve the aesthetic value of the structure or the architectural concept. Control internal environment. Thus, in order to accomplish these elementary objectives of cladding system, the cladding system must perform these functional requirements: Strength and Stability It should have sufficient strength to support its own weight between the points of support or fixings to the structure. It must provide adequate stability against lateral wind pressure. It is essential to allow the differential movement in material expansion and contraction between the cladding system, the structural frame and the adjacent building elements. Exclusion of Wind and Rain Generally, the method is to construct solid cladding systems with an outer leaf as a rain screen and inner leaf of light weight block for insulation. In order to accommodate movement and resist weather deterioration, the material that used to seal joints and claddings must be resilient enough. Durability and Freedom of Maintenance The frequency and extent of work necessary to maintain minimum functional requirements acceptable appearance must be minimized to save cost. There are some problems and requirements of maintenance of several types of material. These are some examples. For masonry, a little maintenance is needed only. Glass requires frequent cleaning and renewal of seal. Besides that, sheet materials such as bronze, aluminium and stainless steel will be oxidized easily and faded faster as compare to masonry and glass. Control of Internal Temperatures As we know, the solar is gained through glass panel. Thus, we must control the proportion of glazed to solid areas. Besides that, thermal control can also be achieved by some methods. For example, deep recessed window used in conjunction with external vertical fins and used of non-transparent external louvres. By the way, used of special solar control glass is encouraged also. Thermal Properties Additional insulation need to be provided by lining of the cladding materials. It must achieve the U-values that laid down in the building regulations It must avoid the problems that would arise from cold bridging and from surface and interstitial condensation. The problem of air leakage should be minimized. Environmental and Sustainability Issues It is defined as how much the cladding system can contribute to the overall energy efficiency of the building. Environmental friendliness of cladding materials also plays a very important role in these issues. Fire Requirements Due to the proximity of other buildings and the use class of the building, fire resistance may be required. In order to restrict the fire from spread over the internal and external surfaces and within voids, the lining material that used for insulation is made up of non-combustible materials. Sound Insulation The resilient pad is used to prevent sound originating within the structure to be transferred vertically through the cladding members. Airborne sound originating from external source can be prevented by utilizing double glazing panel to window area. Aesthetic Issues The context within which the building is situated will determine the level of aesthetic of that building. Necessary to satisfy the aesthetic aspiration of the clients. General Function of the Building There are some functions of building that need to be stated and established such as day lighting and natural ventilation requirements, degree of privacy required, exploitation of pleasant views or exclusion of undesirable views and etc. A CLIENT REQUIRES A ROAD THAT REQUIRES LITTLE MAINTENANCE WITH REASONABLE NON-SKID PROPERTIES. WITH THE AID OF DIAGRAMME, SUGGEST A TYPE OF ROAD AND THE CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY FOR THE PROPOSED ROAD. The road that I will proposed which meets the demand of client is rigid pavement. Rigid pavement is made up of concrete road slab. These are some functions of pavement. Pavement provides a flat surface that makes the journey comfort. Pavement helps to transfer and distribute the transportation load onto the ground evenly. Besides that, pavement protects ground surface against weather effects such rain and wind. These are the characteristics of rigid pavement. Characteristics Rigid pavement Subsidence damage Considerable with expansion joints Initial cost High and require low skill labour Maintenance Low Appearance Glare from sun Non skid properties Reasonable Resistance to wear Good if the quality of concrete is controlled Ease of reinstatement Costly, difficult, require curing time Weakness The requirement of relatively frequently spaced temperature expansion and contraction joints, which also provides a less comfortable surface for riding. Construction Methodology The construction methodology of rigid pavement can be classified into several procedures which are placement, screeding, consolidation, finishing, curing and joints. Placement Truck or truck attachment is used to place the precast concrete directly to the desired position. Otherwise, placement machine is used for more accurate and even placement. Once the precast concrete has been unloaded from the truck, it tends to become less homogenous. Figure 1 Figure 2 Screeding During this process, the excess part of the roughly placed precast concrete is cut off to the desired elevation of slab. Generally, this is done by dragging a straightedge across the slab at the required elevation. Consolidation In this process, the freshly placed precast concrete is making to form a more uniform and compact mass. This can be done by eliminating unwanted air voids and causing it to move around potential obstruction such as reinforcement bar. Generally, consolidation is done by using vibrators which are formed by long and slender vibration rods. Vibrators can be drive by rotating an eccentric weight which causes the whole vibrator to move back and forth. Vibrators are used to excite particles within precast concrete mass. This will cause the particles attach each other closer and better flow around obstructions. Proper consolidation is very important to the performance of rigid pavement. It must possess adequate vibrations to enhance the durability. Too much or too little vibration will lower the performance of rigid pavement. Vibrator static head also influences the efficiency. Figure 3 Finishing In this process, the task is to create the final surface finish and texture of fresh precast concrete. In general, finishing can be categorized into 2 types which are floating and texturing. In floating, a flat surface is run across the precast concrete in number of times and may involve many different tools. This process is used to remove high spots, low spots and imperfections, embed larger aggregate particles beneath the surface and to prepare the surface of mortar for texturing with compaction. After floating, fresh precast concrete is quite smooth. A rough pattern is usually formed by dragging a broom, rough-textured item, or tinted instrument across the surface to enhance the non-skip property of rigid pavement. In general, texturing can be divided into 2 types which are Microtexture and Macrotexture. Microtexture is more common than Macrotexture. Microtexture is accomplished by dragging a section of burlap or artificial turf behind the paver. Curing The task of this process refers to the maintenance of adequate moisture and temperature within a precast concrete mass as it sets and hardens in order to develop the desired properties of strength, durability and density. Curing can be done by 2 different methods which are water curing and sealed curing. Water curing is method that prevents moisture loss and supply additional water to precast concrete surface. This method is labour intensive and generally not practices in rigid pavement anymore. Sealed method is method that prevents moisture loss but do not supply any additional water. This can be done by putting a waterproof covering over a slab such as plastic or using a liquid membrane-forming chemical compound. Figure 4 (Finishing) Figure 5 (Curing) Joints There are many types of joints used in rigid pavement. The basics of transverse contraction joint construction should include joint location, saw cutting timing, saw cutting depth and joint sealing. Joint locations are necessary to indicate on the construction plans and should be planned in advance. The timing of contraction joint sawing is determined by 2 main factors which are shrinkage cracking and precast concrete support strength and joint raveling. In the aspect of saw cutting depth, transverse contraction joints are usually cut to a depth of 1/4 to 1/3 of the total slab depth in order to make sure cracking only occurs at the joints. After the previous procedure has been done, it requires to be sealed to reduce the water and incompressible material entry. Figure 6 (Joint Layout) Figure 7 (Shrinkage Crack) Figure 8 (Sawcut Depth) DESCRIBE THE PERFORMANCE AND SPECIFY THE MATERIAL THAT CAN BE USED TO FILL THE VOID OF DISUSED STRUCTURES, EG: CULVERTS, REDUNDANT SEWERS, CELLARS AND BASEMENTS AND ALSO FOR SOIL STRUCTURAL STABILIZATION, EG: BRIDGE ABUTMENTS, TUNNEL STABILIZATION AND EMBANKMENTS. In our construction technology, there are many materials that can be used and performed very well in construction process such as concrete, plastic, stone, ceramic and timber. All of these materials possess advantages and disadvantages. In this question, the material that will be chosen is aerated concrete. There are a lot of reasons why I choose this material, aerated concrete. Aerated concrete is a highly workable and low density material which incorporating entrained air up to 50 percents. In general, it has the characteristics of self-levelling, self-compacting and may be pumped. Besides that, the risk of plastic shrinkage or settlement cracking of aerated concrete is significantly lower as compared to normal concrete. This foamed concrete is ideal for filling up the redundant or unnecessary voids such as disused fuel tanks, sewer systems, pipelines and culverts. Other than that, aerated concrete also has a good thermal insulation property. The aerated concrete can be fully utilized in several applications such as: Unwanted voids Pipelines Service ducts and shafts Bridge arches or subways Disused structures Culverts Redundant sewers Cellars and basements Higher structural stabilization Bridge abutments Tunnel stabilization enbankments Insulating fill Low density insulating sub-screed Insulating fill to house over-sites By the way, there are several highlighted final concrete performances of aerated concrete that can said to be the advantages of this kind of concrete. Aerated concrete contains high entrained air content. With this property, the aerated concrete is able to resist the damage that formed from freeze and thaw. Besides that, entrained air can acts as a good thermal and acoustic insulator. The aerated concrete has good cohesion ability. It can form a stable foam structure that reduces settlement and reduces bleeding and segregation. Other than that, aerated concrete possess controlled density and strength. For example, low strength of concrete enables the removal for subsequent access to services and maintenance. The range of densities and strengths available depends on the types of foamed concrete. Structure that formed by aerated concrete is very stable. It can generally be surfaced after 24 hours. Besides that, other materials can be combined together and included in the mix. Combination of different materials depends on the applications and requirements. There are some combinations such as polypropylene fiber, fibersteel, quarry fines, vermiculite, flyash and volcanic ash. Autoclaved aerated concrete is one common type of aerated concrete. It is a material like wood but without the disadvantages of combustibility, decay and termite damage. The initial cost of autoclaved aerated concrete is very high but it can be compensated by lower cost of labour, finish, maintenance, and energy. In terms of manufacturing issue, construction issue and etc, it is a good ecological choice. The autoclaved aerated concrete is very versatile because the mixture proportions can be modify to setup different insulation values and compressive strength. Due to the reason of autoclaved aerated concrete is light in weight and workable, thus it can reduce the construction time, waste and energy by faste r speed of construction. BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THE ACTIVITES INVOLVED IN EXTERNAL WORKS AT THE START OF THE CONTRACT. In general, external works is defined as the construction works that done externally from the main building. The external works can be divided into several main parts which are drainage requirements, temporary constructions, public utilities, special industries services, minor external buildings, security and lighting. In construction industry, most of the activities are spanned within the entire project period but some of the external works are involved at the start of the contract. These external works are drainage main runs, access arrangement, storage facilities, car parks, hard areas for plants and machineries for construction of foundation and service mains to building entry. Firstly, drainage will be explained in detail. Drainage can be divided into 2 main types which are surface drainage and sub-surface drainage. Surface drainage is defined as the removal and disposal of water from the surface of a pavement. Sub-surface drainage is the type of drainage that uses the underground pipes and other fittings to direct the flow of water from where it is not wanted to some other places. Sub-surface drainage might include land drainage. Land drainage can be defined as removing and disposing of surplus groundwater gardens, fields and other plots of open land. Surface drainage system often refers as channels that direct the surface water to a drainage outlet. These channels are made up of stone or precast concrete. This system usually discharges all the relatively clean water into a local watercourse such as ditch, stream or river. This system can reduce the demand on the effluent treatment plant. The relatively clean water usually consists of water from the roof and the paving. The channels are slope down towards the public footpath and highway. After that, the water will be directed into gullies or linear drain which will flow to the storm water sewers later. In surface drainage system, the gully and access point is function to collect and discharge the collected water into local watercourse. Generally, there are three types of gully and access point used to perform this function. They are individual trapped gully, continuous grating over precast channels and combined kerb and drainage system. In the aspect of individual trapped gully, there are many types of gully that have been used. P-trap and hopper is commonly used with rainwater pick-ups rather than use in large areas drainage of paving. Yard gully also know as a bottle gully, compact gully or an universal gully. Other than that, road gully is much larger than P-trap and yard gully but they work in the same way. The specifications of road gully are it has a fixed 150mm diameter outlet but come in a variety of diameters and depths. For example, road gully the used within the carriage ways is commonly used to drain an area less than 250m2. In the aspect of continuous grating over precast channels, it can be various sizes, from 50mm deep units for roof drainage to 250mm deep for motorway drains. These channels can made up of various materials such as polymer concrete, wet-press concrete, HDPE and stainless steel. In a specific application, the type of channels used will depends on the end use of the drain. There are two main types which are built-in fall units and regular depth units. Built-in fall units are channels that maintain a fixed depth along their whole length and compulsory laid to a fall. It is suitable to use in large drainage for flat areas such as car parks, freight yards, airports and etc. The regular depth units are suitable to use in short length drainage which has a natural gradient. Lastly, the combined kerb and drainage system have 2 main functions. It can acts as road isolator. Besides that, it is also a discharge point of collected surface water. Generally, sub-surface drainage system deals with foul water such as kitchen waste, toilet or soil and vent pipes, bath or shower or bidet and any industrial process. Besides that, this system can deals with both foul water and surface water such as rain water pick-ups, yard or road gullies and linear drains. Sub-surface drainage system consists of underground pipe line, manhole or inspection chamber and culvert. In underground pipe line, various materials can be used to make pipes such as vitrified clay, uPVC, concrete, ductile and cast iron (CI), glassfibre reinforced plastics (GRP), high density polyethylene (HDPE), pitch fibre and asbestos. In general, there are 3 main types of pipes which are socketed clayware, plain-end clay and plastic 100/150mm. There are 2 main types of jointing of pipes. Plain ended pipes are a type of pipes that have identical ends. They can be joined by means of a coupling. Other than that, socketed pipes have identifiable male and female ends. The method of laid must be in the way of female end pointing upstream. Next, access chambers are commonly not more than 600mm deep which provides an easy access for cursory inspection and access of maintenance equipments. Inspection chamber possess the same function as the access chamber but inspection chamber is larger than access chamber with a minimum 450mm diameter. Besides that, inspection chamber tend to have more branches or spurs feeding into them. Normally, the inspection chamber can be up to 1000mm deep. Manhole is the largest chamber that provides the same function. Manhole can be any depth with the minimum internal dimension of 600x900mm. There are two main types of manhole which are brick manhole and precast concrete manhole. After that, culvert can be defined as a structure which provides a waterway or other opening under a road. In general, the type of pipe culvert chosen should be class Z spun reinforced concrete with spun concrete collars or spigot and socket type. At the start of the contract, there are some external works that need to be done in order to proceed to start the construction works. The external works that need to be done 1st is to prepare and provide hard access to all parts of the site, hard storage for materials, site facilities and car parks. Generally, in order to reduce the cost of temporary road and access, the contractor will lay the base course of the future permanent road as the temporary road and access. There is a way to keep the site temporary road dry for the convenience of construction works which is laying the drainage system as soon as possible. Public utilities services are very important to a building. Thus, all the public utilities need to be planned carefully before any major structures are built. Any constructions of service mains and ducts should be constructed concurrently with the foundation construction works in order to make the entire construction works faster and avoid any inconveniences.

Observation play Essay

Kiahi a boy of about 3 years old was playing alone stood on a small hill of dirt , at first it looked like her was just looking at the other kids play. When I kept looking at him to see if he was just going to continue to doing nothing, but watch the other children I noticed that he was standing there like a solider tall and with determination on his face. With his hand to his forehead looking about as the other children ran around. After a while I see that he is pointing to his class mates at random and looks to be giving directions, more  like orders, of some sort, although no one is paying attention. After giving off orders in a solider like manner he nods his head, as though satisfied with himself and his team though it was just him playing, and pulls out some kind of black/sliver rectangular key chain object out of his shirt pocket. He clicks on it, as if it had buttons, brings it up to his ear and talks and nods, he’s using it as a cell phone. After he is done he clicks it again to end the call and puts it back to his pocket. Then he just runs off the hill and goes  plays at the play structure, as if what he just did never happened. At first I thought Kiahi was engaging in unoccupied play, because to me it looked as if he was doing nothing at all but just looking at what everyone else was doing. As I kept observing him it looked to him that his was doing solitary play. Playing out a role of someone with authorization giving out orders, and taking calls. It was solitary because no one else was engaging with him in is play even though he pointed out to other kids when giving off orders no one paid him attention. Sophia a girl of about 4 years old with a temperament of a being shy and quite, wasn’t playing with anybody else. She was reluctant to join anybody for play. After a while Sophia looks to have acquired a play mate Elena a soft spoken 3 years old, though in some occasions I did hear her be a little louder towards other kids, they are playing in the sand box. It looks like they are playing kitchen; cooking, serving, cutting and cleaning. Throughout the play not a word was spoken, but they seemed to communicate  in their own silent way. After a while Sophia and Elena moved to play with the balls, when Sophia would turn her back on the ball and it rolled away from her instead of calling out to Sophia to get the ball Elena runs after the ball and gives it back to Sophia in her hands and points to the baskets behind her. In a silent gesture to throw the ball at the basket. I found these girls interesting because I’ve observed them for a while during the morning time when dropped off up until free play outside. I know for a fact that both  girls speak Elena even yells at times when kids don’t pay attention for following the rules. Sophia is new to the pre-school program at Head Start and cries when her Mom, as Ms. Perla informed me, leaves her but just for a few minutes. It takes Sophia a few hours to get into play with actual words being spoken. Elena is a sweet little that separated from her little group of friends to play with Sophia and to me it looked as if Elena understood Sophia not wanting to speak, seeing as Elena ever attempted to say  a single word to her. At first Sophia was engaging in solitary play, playing on her own on the play structure. In the sand box Sophia and Elena cooperative playing, even though they didn’t say a word, the worked together to prepare, cook and serve a meal and clean up after they were done. They had a common goal in playing kitchen. After that they played with the balls which turned to associative play still playing together but without a common goal because Sophia wasn’t as engaged as Elena in trying to play basketball.

The Crisis Escalation Spiral

Seductions or hallucinations with violent C] General over-simulation of vital signs. Increased OR,BP,HRS, Sweating C] Verbal threats or gestures CLC Twitching Al Dilating pupils CLC Replicating words C] Increased volume of speech 0 Increase movements episode spacing, irritation Prolonged eye contact C] Refusal to communicate Questioning/Challenging Information – rational questioning seeking a rational response. Power – authority questions seeking a power struggle or attempt to evade the real issue. Refusal Non-compliance with a direct instruction or expectation (an unreasonable response to a reasonable request).E. G. Are you K? – Why you want to know? This behavior often indicates the beginning of a loss of rational control. Venting Verbal â€Å"acting out† behavior. Release of emotional energy Behavior characterized by yelling swearing, and unfocused or non-specific threatening (I. E. , â€Å"angry at the world†). Threatening/limitation Focused, ta rgeted threat of violence or direct intimidation. This unfocused or non-specific threat has now become Focused on you, another, or property. The risk of physical acting out is high.Physical Acting Out Auscultative and displayed physical behavior is a risk in many crisis situations. Behaviors can include self-harm, damage to property and/or assault towards others or staff Post-Crisis Response In the Post-Crisis Response De-escalation can occur at any point during an interaction with an individual in crisis. Tension reduction will always occur, as the energy output in any crisis cannot be sustained indefinitely. Most communication will be both verbal and non verbal. An individual who is losing rational control ill â€Å"feel† our presence and hear our words.Therefore, we wish to create a Supportive, attentive, engaging presentation towards the individual in crisis or conflict. It is important to use CLC Body language is non-threatening and demonstrates us port and confidence. C LC Personal space is respectful and does not violate the space of the individual in crisis. The need for greater personal space increases as the crisis escalates. C] Eye contact is a soft gaze and projects attentiveness, not invasiveness or threat. CLC Respond to the non-verbal â€Å"cues† of the individual in crisis. Facilities moving out of harms way and prevent harm the person in crisis and to self. 2. Projects confidence and support to co-workers during the crisis. The team intervention leader needs to A. C. T.

Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand

Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand (sometimes called simply Cross Elasticity of Demand) is an expression of the degree to which the demand for one product -- lets call this Product A -- changes when the price of Product B changes. Stated in the abstract, this might seem a little difficult to grasp, but an example or two  makes the concept clear -- its not difficult.   Examples of Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand Assume for a moment youve been lucky enough to get in on the ground floor of the Greek Yogurt craze. Your Greek yogurt product B, is immensely popular, allowing you to increase the single cup price from around $0.90 a cup to $1.50 a cup. Now, in fact, you may continue to do well, but at least some persons will revert back to the good old non-Greek yogurt (Product A) at the $.090/cup price. By changing the price of Product B youve increased the demand for Product A, even though theyre not highly similar products. In fact, they can be quite similar or quite different -- the essential point is that there will often be some correlation, strong, weak or even negative between the demand for one product when the price of another one changes. At other times, there may be no correlation. Substitute Goods The aspirin example shows what happens to the demand for good B when the price of good A increases. Manufacturer As price has increased, demand for its aspirin product (for which there are many substitute goods)  decreases. Since aspirin is so widely available, there probably wont be a great increase in each of these many other brands; however, in instances where there are only a few substitutes, or perhaps only one, the demand increase may be marked. Gasoline vs. electric automobiles is an interesting instance of this. In practice, there really are only a few automobile alternatives: gasoline automobiles, diesel, and electrics. Gasoline and diesel  prices, as youll remember, have been extremely volatile since the late 1980s. As U.S. gasoline prices reached $5/gallon in some West Coast cities, the demand for electric cars increased. However, since 2014 gasoline prices have fallen. With that, demand for electrics fell with them, putting automobile manufacturers in a peculiar bind. They needed to sell electrics to keep their fleet mileage averages down, but consumers began buying gasoline trucks and larger gasoline autos again. This forced manufacturers --Fiat/Dodge  is a case in point -- to lower the price of electrics below their actual production cost in order to keep selling gasoline-powered trucks and muscle cars without triggering a federal government penalty.   Complimentary Goods A local Seattle band has a breakthrough hit -- millions and millions of streams, many, many downloads and a  hundred thousand albums sold, all in a few weeks. The band begins touring and in response to demand, ticket prices begin climbing. But now something interesting happens: as the ticket prices increase, the audience becomes smaller -- no problem so far because whats happening essentially is that the band is playing smaller venues but at greatly increased ticket prices -- still a win. But then, the bands management sees a problem. As the audience grows smaller, so do the sales of all those high mark-up collectibles -- band T-shirts, coffee mugs, photo albums and so on: the  merch. Our Seattle band has more than doubled the ticket price at $60.00 and is still selling about half as many tickets at each venue.  So far so good: 500 tickets times $60.00 is more money than 1,000 tickets times $25.00. However, the band had enjoyed robust merch sales averaging $35 a head. Now the equation looks a little different: 500 tix x $(60.00 $35.00) is less than 1,000 tix x ($25.0035). The drop in ticket sales at a higher price created a proportionate drop in merch sales. The two products are complementary. As the price increases for band tickets, the demand for band merch drops.   The Formula You can calculate the Cross Price Elasticity of Demand (CPoD) as follows: CPEoD (% Change in Quantity Demand for Good A)  Ãƒ · (% Change in Price for Good A)